Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Which
of the following statements about pronghorn antelopes is false? a. | They are
ruminant animals. | b. | Their eye sockets are positioned far back in their
skulls. | c. | They do not require as much food as
predators. | d. | They spend more of their time eating than
predators. | e. | Their cheek teeth (molars) have much larger crowns than human
teeth. | | |
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2.
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The
muscular digestive organ in which food is ground into small bits is the a. | lumen. | b. | gizzard. | c. | crop. | d. | stomach. | e. | cloaca. | | |
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3.
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The
process that moves nutrients into the blood or lymph is a. | absorption. | b. | assimilation. | c. | digestion. | d. | ingestion. | e. | all of
these | | |
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4.
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Which
of the following groups of animals has a digestive system most unlike the others? a. | mollusks | b. | arthropods | c. | cnidarians | d. | annelids | e. | echinoderms | | |
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5.
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Which
of the following statements is false? a. | The digestive system acts alone to meet the body's metabolic
needs. | b. | Food does not really enter the body until it has been
digested. | c. | Animals with only one opening to the digestive system are said
to have an incomplete digestive system. | d. | Specialized regions of a complete digestive system can be
correlated with feeding habits. | e. | Predators and scavengers exhibit discontinuous feeding
habits. | | |
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6.
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High
stomach acidity a. | creates ideal
conditions for carbohydrate digestion. | b. | promotes emulsification of fats. | c. | favors protein
digestion. | d. | blocks the release of histamine, thereby favoring production of
peptic ulcers. | e. | converts lipases into their active
forms. | | |
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7.
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Which
process propels the food down the esophagus into the stomach? a. | glycolysis | b. | plasmolysis | c. | emulsion | d. | peristalsis | e. | all of
these | | |
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8.
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The
digestion of proteins begins in the a. | stomach. | b. | pancreas. | c. | small intestine. | d. | large
intestine. | e. | esophagus. | | |
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9.
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Which
of the following does NOT digest proteins? a. | trypsin | b. | chymotrypsin | c. | aminopeptidase | d. | pepsin | e. | lipase | | |
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10.
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The
first part of the small intestine is the a. | duodenum. | b. | ileum. | c. | colon. | d. | cecum. | e. | jejunum. | | |
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11.
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Ducts
from the pancreas and liver enter the a. | stomach. | b. | colon. | c. | duodenum. | d. | jejunum. | e. | ileum. | | |
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12.
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Which
of the following factors does NOT stimulate the stomach to pass on its contents to the small
intestine? a. | depression and
fear | b. | stimulation of
mechanoreceptors in the stomach wall following a large meal | c. | reduced fat or
acid content of chyme in the duodenum | d. | elation and relaxation | e. | all of
these | | |
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13.
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Digestion of the stomach wall by gastric juice is usually prevented
by a. | secretion of
protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form. | b. | a covering of
mucus. | c. | histamine. | d. | secretion of
protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form and a covering of mucus. | e. | secretion of
protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form, a covering of mucus, and
histamine. | | |
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14.
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Which
of the following chemicals is the first hormone secreted by the intestinal tract in response to the
presence of food? a. | salivary
amylase | b. | cholecystokinin | c. | glucose
insulinotropic peptide (GIP) | d. | gastrin | e. | secretin | | |
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15.
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Which
of the following acts enzymatically rather than hormonally? a. | cholecystokinin | b. | pepsin | c. | secretin | d. | gastrin | e. | all of
these | | |
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16.
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Of
the following, the greatest amount of nutrient absorption takes place in the a. | stomach. | b. | small intestine. | c. | colon. | d. | pancreas. | e. | esophagus. | | |
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17.
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Movement of glucose through the membranes of the small intestine is primarily
by a. | osmosis. | b. | bulk flow. | c. | active
transport. | d. | diffusion. | e. | all of
these | | |
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18.
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Which
of the following are tiny projections of the mucosal wall? a. | microvilli | b. | mucins | c. | villi | d. | submucosa | e. | jejunum | | |
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19.
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The
liver is associated with all but which of the following functions? a. | inactivation of
drugs | b. | assembly and storage of fats | c. | assembly and
disassembly of certain proteins | d. | degradation of worn-out blood cells | e. | formation of
glucagon | | |
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20.
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The
primary function of the large intestine is a. | storage of feces. | b. | retention of
water. | c. | manufacture of vitamin K. | d. | digestion of
fats. | e. | absorption of water. | | |
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21.
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Of
the 20 amino acids, how many are considered to be essential in that the human body cannot synthesize
them?
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22.
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Which
of the following represents the best source of protein (net protein utilization)? a. | milk | b. | eggs | c. | fish | d. | soybeans | e. | cheese | | |
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23.
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People who do not eat meat (vegetarians) must choose their food carefully to get the
necessary a. | vitamins. | b. | minerals. | c. | carbohydrates. | d. | amino acids. | e. | fatty
acids. | | |
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24.
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A
deficiency of which vitamin produces rickets in children and osteomalcia in adults?
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25.
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Pellagra is a deficiency disease related to which of the following
vitamins? a. | A | b. | B1 (thiamine) | c. | C (ascorbic
acid) | d. | B2 (riboflavin) | e. | niacin | | |
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26.
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Scurvy is a deficiency disease related to which of the following
vitamins? a. | A | b. | B1 (thiamine) | c. | C (ascorbic
acid) | d. | B2 (riboflavin) | e. | niacin | | |
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27.
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The
element needed for blood clotting, nerve transmission, and bone and tooth formation
is a. | iron. | b. | iodine. | c. | calcium. | d. | zinc. | e. | magnesium. | | |
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28.
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The
constituent of hemoglobin whose absence leads to anemia is a. | iron. | b. | iodine. | c. | calcium. | d. | zinc. | e. | magnesium. | | |
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29.
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Body
weight is controlled by a. | caloric intake. | b. | energy
utilization. | c. | activity of the thyroid gland. | d. | age and
sex. | e. | all of
these | | |
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30.
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If
caloric intake is balanced with energy output, body a. | weight gain will
occur. | b. | weight loss will occur. | c. | weight will
remain stable. | d. | fat content will increase. | e. | protein will
decrease. | | |
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31.
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The
kangaroo rat is adapted to living in the dry environment of the southwestern United States because
of a. | behavioral
modifications resulting in nocturnal activity patterns and staying in burrows during the heat of the
day. | b. | a more efficient
kidney capable of conserving water. | c. | the ability to utilize water produced in the metabolism of
carbohydrates. | d. | the lack of sweat glands. | e. | all of
these | | |
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32.
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A
by-product of electron transport phosphorylation that is of vital importance to the kangaroo rat
is a. | glucose. | b. | metabolic water. | c. | phosphate
ions. | d. | NADH. | e. | ADP. | | |
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33.
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All
but which of the following are significant routes for water loss from the body? a. | excretion in
urine | b. | sneezing | c. | sweating | d. | elimination in feces | e. | evaporation from
respiratory surfaces | | |
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34.
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The
process that normally exerts the greatest control over the water balance of an individual
is a. | sweating. | b. | elimination in feces. | c. | kidney
function. | d. | evaporation through the skin. | e. | respiratory
loss. | | |
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35.
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Which
of the following does NOT dispose of a type of waste directly to the environment? a. | digestive
system | b. | respiratory system | c. | integumentary
system | d. | circulatory system | e. | urinary
system | | |
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36.
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Which
of the following is the last structure that urine passes through? a. | distal
tubule | b. | urethra | c. | urinary
bladder | d. | ureter | e. | loop of
Henle | | |
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37.
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About
what percent of the fluid removed from the blood is eventually returned to the
blood?
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38.
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Filtration occurs in which section of mammalian nephrons? a. | glomerulus | b. | loop of Henle | c. | proximal
tubules | d. | distal tubules | e. | peritubular
capillaries | | |
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39.
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After
the blood leaves the glomerular capillaries, it next goes to the a. | renal
vein. | b. | renal artery. | c. | peritubular
capillaries. | d. | vena cava. | e. | heart. | | |
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40.
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The
movement of excess H+ and K+ ions from peritubular capillaries to the nephron
tubules is called a. | reabsorption. | b. | secretion. | c. | excretion. | d. | filtration. | e. | osmosis. | | |
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41.
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Which
of the following substances is NOT filtered from the bloodstream? a. | water | b. | plasma proteins | c. | urea | d. | glucose | e. | sodium | | |
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42.
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The
longer this structure is, the greater is an animal's capacity to conserve water and to concentrate
solutes for excretion in the urine. a. | Bowman's capsule | b. | loop of
Henle | c. | proximal tubule | d. | ureter | | |
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43.
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Reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the __________ to the
__________. a. | interstitial
fluid; tubules | b. | glomerular capillaries; Bowman's
capsule | c. | Bowman's capsule; nephron tubules | d. | nephron tubules;
capillaries | e. | glomerular capillaries; peritubular
capillaries | | |
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44.
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In
reabsorption, a. | plasma proteins
are returned to the blood. | b. | excess hydrogen ions are removed from the
blood. | c. | excess water is passed on to the
urine. | d. | nutrients and salts are selectively returned to the
blood. | e. | drugs and foreign substances are passed into the
urine. | | |
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45.
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Which
of the following are most permeable to water and small molecules? a. | glomerular
capillaries. | b. | peritubular capillaries. | c. | proximal
tubules. | d. | ureters. | e. | collecting
ducts | | |
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46.
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The
process of filtration in the glomerulus is driven by a. | active
transport. | b. | hydrostatic pressure. | c. | osmosis. | d. | dialysis. | e. | sodium-potassium
pumps. | | |
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47.
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The
reabsorption of solutes is the result of active transport of a. | potassium. | b. | sodium. | c. | carbonate. | d. | chloride. | e. | all of
these | | |
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48.
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The
hormone that influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney is a. | antidiuretic
hormone. | b. | cortisone. | c. | aldosterone. | d. | corticotropic hormone. | e. | adrenalin. | | |
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49.
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Which
of the following processes occurs first in the adjustment of body fluid volume? a. | An inactive
protein is converted into angiotensin. | b. | Distal tubules and collecting ducts reabsorb sodium
faster. | c. | Target cells secrete aldosterone. | d. | Sense receptors
in walls of blood vessels and the heart reveal a drop in extracellular fluid
level. | e. | Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular
apparatus. | | |
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50.
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The
antidiuretic hormone a. | promotes processes that lead to an increase in the volume of
urine. | b. | promotes processes that lead to a decrease in the volume of
urine. | c. | acts on the proximal tubules of nephrons in the
kidney. | d. | is produced by the adrenal cortex. | e. | all of
these | | |
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51.
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A
rise in sodium levels and extracellular volume leads to a rise in blood pressure. As a
result, a. | renin levels
rise, but aldosterone levels fall. | b. | renin levels fall, but angiotensin levels
rise. | c. | renin and aldosterone levels all
rise. | d. | renin and aldosterone levels all
drop. | | |
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52.
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Ethanol (drinking alcohol) is an inhibitor of ADH. Therefore, a person consuming a
couple of mixed drinks should excrete a. | less water because ADH promotes
reabsorption. | b. | the alcohol because ADH cannot degrade
it. | c. | ketone bodies
formed from the alcohol. | d. | more water because ADH normally promotes
reabsorption. | e. | more water plus the alcohol due to the ADH
inhibition. | | |
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53.
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Which
of the following does NOT belong with the others? a. | ADH | b. | aldosterone | c. | renin | d. | insulin | | |
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54.
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In
humans, the thirst center is located in the a. | adrenal cortex. | b. | hypothalamus. | c. | anterior pituitary. | d. | glomerulus. | e. | stomach. | | |
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55.
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Which
of the following does NOT influence the pH of the blood and extracellular fluids? a. | respiration | b. | blood proteins | c. | bicarbonate
ions | d. | filtration by
glomerulus | e. | phosphate and ammonia ions | | |
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56.
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Heat
loss by direct exchange of energy between molecules is called a. | conduction. | b. | radiation. | c. | convection. | d. | metabolism. | e. | evaporation. | | |
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57.
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Which
of the following processes is able to move heat in one direction only-away from the
body? a. | convection | b. | evaporation | c. | conduction | d. | radiation | e. | collection | | |
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58.
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The
transfer of heat directly from a surface to the body by contact is called a. | radiation. | b. | conduction. | c. | convection. | d. | denaturing. | e. | evaporation. | | |
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59.
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In
mammals, which of the following is the seat of temperature control? a. | adrenal
cortex | b. | adrenal medulla | c. | thymus | d. | hypothalamus | e. | heart | | |
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60.
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Responses to heat stress include a. | reduction in muscle contraction. | b. | increased
sweating. | c. | dilation of peripheral blood vessels. | d. | loss of salts
and liquids. | e. | all of these | | |
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Short Answer
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Gastrointestinal Tract
Answer the following questions in reference to the five components of
the gastrointestinal tract listed below:
a. stomach
b. gallbladder
c. small intestine
d. appendix
e. large intestine
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61.
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Refer
to Gastrointestinal Tract. Enzymatic digestion of proteins occurs primarily in this
organ.
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62.
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Refer
to Gastrointestinal Tract. Bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and lecithin are stored by this
organ.
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Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract
Answer the following questions in reference to the four glands or
structures of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract listed below:
a. salivary
glands
b. stomach
mucosa
c. intestinal
mucosa
d. pancreas
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63.
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Refer
to Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract. The protein-digesting enzyme, trypsin, is produced
there.
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Vitamins
Answer the
following questions in reference to the five vitamins listed below:
a. Vitamin
B1
b. Vitamin
B2
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin B6
e. Vitamin B12
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64.
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Refer
to Vitamins. This vitamin is a component of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate.
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65.
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Refer
to Vitamins. A deficiency of this vitamin causes pellagra.
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Regions of a Nephron
Answer the following questions in reference to the four regions of a
nephron listed below:
a. Bowman's capsule
b. proximal tubule
c. descending portion of loop of
Henle
d. distal tubule
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66.
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Refer
to Regions of a Nephron. Sodium ions are actively transported out of the nephron from this
region.
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67.
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Refer
to Regions of a Nephron. Filtration of the blood occurs in association with this
structure.
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68.
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Refer
to Regions of a Nephron. Antibiotics are secreted from this structure.
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