Name: 
 

AP CH40


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

1. 
Successful inoculation against smallpox used
a.
scabs from smallpox sores.
b.
pus and exudates from open smallpox sores.
c.
blood from a person who had become immune to smallpox.
d.
material from a cowpox sore.
e.
all of these
 

2. 
The first disease for which a successful vaccination was developed was
a.
the plague.
b.
smallpox.
c.
rabies.
d.
chicken pox.
e.
diphtheria.
 

3. 
All but which of the following are good barriers to invasion by microbes?
a.
mucous membranes
b.
eye secretions
c.
broken skin
d.
urine
e.
gut bacteria
 

4. 
Phagocytes are derived from stem cells in the
a.
spleen.
b.
thymus.
c.
bone marrow.
d.
blood.
e.
liver.
 

5. 
Histamine causes
a.
blood vessels to contract.
b.
capillaries to lose their permeability.
c.
an outward flow of fluids from the capillaries.
d.
a destruction of mast cells.
e.
an opening of the area of infection through which the body's defense system can enter.
 

6. 
Which event does NOT occur in the inflammatory response?
a.
Tissue swells because of outflow from capillary beds.
b.
Blocking antibodies inactivate the resident mast cells.
c.
White blood cells are attracted to the area by chemotaxis.
d.
Complement proteins help identify invading material.
e.
The foreign invaders are engulfed and destroyed by phagocytosis.
 

7. 
Inflammation
a.
leads to the release of histamine, which causes capillaries to become "leaky."
b.
is increased by use of antihistamine drugs.
c.
does not occur during allergic reactions.
d.
is initiated by the buildup of dead cells and bacteria.
e.
is not affected by the action of the complement system.
 

8. 
Interleukins
a.
are secreted by macrophages.
b.
trigger any B cell that has become sensitive to the specific antigen (the one inducing interleukin production) to divide.
c.
are the chemical triggers that cause tissue to release antihistamine.
d.
are effective only on pathogens that have invaded body cells.
e.
are secreted by macrophages and trigger any B cell that has become sensitive to the specific antigen (the one inducing interleukin production) to divide.
 

9. 
Terms that describe the immune response include all but which of the following?
a.
specific
b.
rapid
c.
memory
d.
general
e.
effective
 

10. 
Which cells produce antibodies?
a.
helper T
b.
natural killer cells
c.
cytotoxic T
d.
memory
e.
B
 

11. 
Which cells cause rapid division of the lymphocytes?
a.
helper T
b.
natural killer cells
c.
cytotoxic T
d.
memory
e.
B
 

12. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
Cytotoxic T cells kill cancer cells only if the cause is viral.
b.
MHC markers of grafted cells are identified as foreign in organ transplants unless the donor is a twin.
c.
The function of helper T cells is to phagocytize invading organisms.
d.
Each pathogen has its own unique antigen.
e.
The clonal selection theory holds that an activated B cell or T cell divides rapidly to produce a clone of immunologically identical cells that are specific for the antigen that selected them.
 

13. 
Which cells are held in reserve to be used for a rapid response to subsequent intruders of the same type?
a.
helper T
b.
natural killer cells
c.
cytotoxic T
d.
memory
e.
B
 

14. 
Which cells are the longest lasting in the body?
a.
helper T
b.
natural killer cells
c.
cytotoxic T
d.
memory
e.
B
 

15. 
Which cells directly destroy body cells infected by viral or fungal parasites?
a.
helper T
b.
natural killer cells
c.
cytotoxic T
d.
memory
e.
B
 

16. 
Which of the following would be ignored in most instances by lymphocytes?
a.
cells coated with complement proteins
b.
cells with antigens on their surface
c.
"self" cells with MHC markers
d.
cells with both antigen and self-MHC markers
e.
cells with damaged or mutant self-MHC markers
 

17. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
Cytotoxic T cells kill body cells that have been invaded by pathogens.
b.
The cell-mediated response is ineffective against a pathogen that has already entered the cytoplasm of a body cell.
c.
Cytotoxic T cells are produced by the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland.
d.
Cytotoxic T cells are unable to destroy free-floating viruses they encounter in the bloodstream.
e.
Cytotoxic T cells secrete perforins that are able to punch holes in infected cells.
 

18. 
Effector cells
a.
are fully differentiated lymphocytes.
b.
manufacture and secrete antibodies.
c.
can develop from either T or B cells.
d.
secrete antibodies or interleukins depending on their origin.
e.
all of these
 

19. 
The leading cause of death among transplant patients is
a.
loss of a vital organ when the transplant fails.
b.
pneumonia.
c.
a transplant reaction similar to blood transfusion reactions.
d.
an excessive number of antigens released into the bloodstream.
e.
a blockage of the major histocompatibility complex in the plasma cells.
 

20. 
What is the cell that fights tumor cells even though they are not cancerous due to a virus?
a.
cytotoxic T cells
b.
natural killer cells
c.
helper T cells
d.
macrophages
e.
MHC-guided cells
 

21. 
Antibodies are shaped like the letter
a.
C.
b.
E.
c.
H.
d.
K.
e.
Y.
 

22. 
Antibodies belong to a group of compounds known as
a.
self-recognizing compounds.
b.
immunoglobulins.
c.
histosaccharides.
d.
antisteroids.
e.
virulent bases.
 

23. 
Which immunoglobulin is able to pass the placenta to protect the fetus from pathogens?
a.
IgG
b.
IgA
c.
IgD
d.
IgM
e.
IgE
 

24. 
The base, heavy-chain portion of an antibody
a.
can activate the complement system.
b.
can be split into new sites that bind antigens.
c.
may bind to receptors on phagocytic cells.
d.
may break off and form the basis for immune memory.
e.
can activate the complement system and may bind to receptors on phagocytic cells.
 

25. 
Clones of B or T cells are
a.
being produced continually.
b.
interchangeable.
c.
produced only when their surface proteins recognize specific protein.
d.
known as memory cells.
e.
produced and mature in the bone marrow.
 

26. 
The primary immune response
a.
is shorter in duration than a secondary response.
b.
is quicker than a secondary response.
c.
depends on random construction of appropriate antibodies.
d.
is the result of a reproduction of an appropriate lymphocyte resulting in a sensitive clone.
e.
depends on random construction of appropriate antibodies and is the result of a reproduction of an appropriate lymphocyte resulting in a sensitive clone.
 

27. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
Only B cells and their progeny make antibodies.
b.
The primary immune response is faster and more complete than a secondary immune response.
c.
Virgin B cells already have antibodies but have not yet encountered an antigen.
d.
Macrophages will digest invading bacterial cells but do not destroy the antigens that eventually become mounted on the surface of the macrophages.
e.
Some B cell progeny differentiate into memory cells.
 

28. 
When the body's defenses turn against its own cells, the disorder is called
a.
an autoimmune response.
b.
anaphylactic shock.
c.
acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
d.
passive immunity.
e.
an inflammatory response.
 

29. 
The reason AIDS is so serious is that
a.
the excessive immune reaction leads to death.
b.
it is so highly contagious.
c.
it is fatal.
d.
it is caused by a retrovirus.
e.
many natural reservoirs may spread the disease at any time.
 

30. 
Of the following, AIDS is usually transferred by
a.
casual contact.
b.
food.
c.
water.
d.
sexual intercourse.
e.
insect bites.
 

Short Answer
 
 
White Cells

Answer the following questions in reference to the five types of white cells listed below:

a.      macrophages
b.      helper T cells
c.      B cells
d.      cytotoxic T cells
e.      natural killer cells
 

31. 
Refer to White Cells. These cells destroy cells infected by viruses.
 

32. 
Refer to White Cells. Antibody production occurs in these cells.
 
 
Cells

Answer the following questions in reference to the five items listed below:

a.      antigens
b.      antibodies
c.      helper T cells
d.      cytotoxic T cells
e.      memory B cells
 

33. 
These bind, as in a lock-and-key mechanism, to foreign proteins.
 

34. 
These directly attack the foreign cells of an incompatible skin graft.
 

35. 
An Rh+ molecule in the body of an Rh woman is an example of these.
 



 
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