Name: 
 

AP CH34_35


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

1. 
The basic unit of the nervous system is
a.
the neuron.
b.
neuroglia.
c.
the brain.
d.
a nerve.
e.
a nerve impulse.
 

2. 
Which of the following is NOT true concerning sensory neurons?
a.
They have receptor regions for detection of stimuli.
b.
They lie in the pathway between the interneurons and motor neurons.
c.
They relay information to the spinal cord.
d.
They are part of a reflex arc.
e.
They are one of three types of neurons.
 

3. 
The single long process that extends from a typical motor nerve cell is the
a.
axon.
b.
neuron.
c.
synapse.
d.
dendrite.
e.
cell body.
 

4. 
The input zone of a neuron is the
a.
axon.
b.
axonal terminals.
c.
cell body.
d.
dendrite.
e.
both cell body and dendrite.
 

5. 
Within a single neuron, the direction an impulse follows is
a.
dendrite-->axon-->cell body.
b.
axon-->dendrite-->cell body.
c.
dendrite-->cell body-->axon.
d.
cell body-->dendrite-->axon.
e.
cell body-->axon-->dendrite.
 

6. 
When an impulse passes from one neuron to the next, it
a.
is passed directly from dendrite to axon.
b.
passes from axon to cell body to dendrite.
c.
can bypass the cell bodies of both.
d.
passes from axon to dendrite.
e.
undergoes repolarization.
 

7. 
At rest, a nerve cell has a high concentration of __________ inside and a high concentration of __________ outside.
a.
acetylcholine; chlorine
b.
sodium; potassium
c.
potassium; sodium
d.
calcium; phosphorous
e.
phosphorus; calcium
 

8. 
The membrane-bound enzyme system that maintains the resting membrane potential is which of the following pumps?
a.
sodium-phosphorus
b.
sodium-potassium
c.
sodium-chlorine
d.
phosphorus-calcium
e.
phosphorus-chlorine
 

9. 
The movement of potassium into the neuron when it is at rest is a result of
a.
diffusion leakage.
b.
the presence of some open potassium channels.
c.
the attraction of the positively charged potassium ions by the negatively charged interior of the neuron.
d.
both diffusion leakage and the presence of some open potassium channels.
e.
both the presence of some open potassium channels and the attraction of the positively charged potassium ions by the negatively charged interior of the neuron.
 

10. 
For sodium to accumulate rapidly in a neuron,
a.
a stimulus above the threshold must open sodium gates in an accelerating manner.
b.
the wave of repolarization must occur to reestablish a resting potential.
c.
there must be a dramatic increase in the negative charge of the cytoplasm.
d.
a voltage surge must cause the sodium gates to close.
e.
the potassium gates must open first.
 

11. 
Action potentials are
a.
faster in neurons than in muscle cells.
b.
faster in muscles than in neurons.
c.
essentially the same in neurons and muscle cells.
d.
completely different in neurons and muscle cells.
 

12. 
Which of the following occurs first during an action potential?
a.
Many sodium ions flow into the neuron.
b.
Voltage-gated sodium channels open.
c.
A local disturbance triggers the resting voltage to exceed the threshold level.
d.
The interior of the neuron becomes positive.
e.
The interior of the neuron becomes negative.
 

13. 
Which of the following terms most accurately describes the cellular activity associated with the actual passage of a nerve impulse?
a.
electrical discharge
b.
action of sodium-potassium pump
c.
wave of depolarization
d.
repolarization
e.
active transport of ions
 

14. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
The information that travels along the neural membrane is little more than a transient change in the membrane potential.
b.
A neuron is never really at rest, but must expend energy to keep the membrane potential constant even when no impulse is being processed.
c.
During the short time an action potential occurs, the cytoplasmic side of the membrane becomes positive with respect to the outside.
d.
Only nerve cells can exhibit depolarization events.
e.
Action potentials are not transferred from neuron to neuron.
 

15. 
Once a threshold is reached,
a.
the number of sodium gates that open depends upon the strength of a stimulus.
b.
a graded local potential will be unable to spread to a trigger zone of the nerve membrane.
c.
the resting potential of a neuron is restored.
d.
the potassium channels in the input zone open.
e.
the opening of sodium gates and the accompanying flow of sodium ions is an example of positive feedback.
 

16. 
The reason that an action potential is so brief is that
a.
a wave of repolarization immediately follows an action potential.
b.
the opening of potassium gates allows the voltage difference across the neural membrane to be restored.
c.
the protein channels for sodium movement remain open.
d.
the sodium-potassium pump restores the electrical gradients.
e.
the membrane limits electrical activity.
 

17. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
An action potential can be generated in an input zone only.
b.
A trigger zone has enough sodium gates to initiate an action potential.
c.
Each portion of a membrane has its own refractory time.
d.
During the refractory period, the sodium gates are shut and the potassium gates open.
e.
During the refractory period, the resting membrane potential has not been restored.
 

18. 
The occurrence of an action potential can best be compared to a
a.
switch to turn a lamp on and off.
b.
volume control on a stereo.
c.
door to the classroom.
d.
room light dimmer switch.
 

19. 
Transmitter substances
a.
are expelled from the presynaptic cells by exocytosis.
b.
tend to destroy acetylcholine.
c.
enter the postsynaptic cell to continue the passage of the impulse.
d.
interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells.
e.
are both expelled from the presynaptic cells by exocytosis and interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells.
 

20. 
The presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron do not directly contact each other because
a.
one would inhibit the actions of the other.
b.
they never grow to sufficient length.
c.
the synaptic vesicles keep them apart.
d.
this would cause continuous impulse transmission.
e.
acetylcholine prevents this action.
 

21. 
Transmitter substances
a.
include acetylcholine.
b.
change the permeability of postsynaptic cells.
c.
may be inhibitory or stimulatory.
d.
elicit graded potentials near the synapse.
e.
all of these
 

22. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
A nerve will not fire unless a stimulus exceeds the threshold.
b.
An action potential is an all-or-nothing event.
c.
An action potential continues indefinitely until a quenching signal is released.
d.
An action potential is self-propagating.
e.
An action potential transmission depends on activities at the membrane.
 

23. 
Organophosphate insecticides kill by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that degrades acetylcholine. What effect does this have?
a.
It allows continuous volleys of impulses.
b.
Control of vital organs is disrupted.
c.
"Start/stop" signals for breathing and heartbeat are not possible.
d.
Control of vital organs is disrupted; and "Start/stop" signals for breathing and heartbeat are not possible.
e.
Control of vital organs is disrupted; "Start/stop" signals for breathing and heartbeat are not possible; and It allows continuous volleys of impulses.
 

24. 
Endorphins are
a.
neuromodulators.
b.
stimulators of brain and nervous activity.
c.
inhibitors of pain perception.
d.
neuromodulators and stimulators of brain and nervous activity.
e.
neuromodulators and inhibitors of pain perception.
 

25. 
At an inhibitory synapse,
a.
no transmitter substances are released by the sending cell.
b.
a transmitter substance produces changes in the receiving cell that drive the membrane potential away from threshold.
c.
no transmitter substance can bind to the receiving cell.
d.
a transmitter substance produces changes in the receiving cell that drive the membrane potential closer to threshold.
 

26. 
An excitatory postsynaptic potential
a.
is only one of several types of graded potential.
b.
has a hyperpolarizing effect.
c.
will drive the membrane away from its potential.
d.
is summed with an inhibitory postsynaptic potential at the input zone of a neuron in a process known as synaptic integration.
e.
none of these
 

27. 
What is the name of the condition in which there is a deterioration of the myelin sheaths of the neurons in the spinal cord?
a.
muscular dystrophy
b.
cancer
c.
diabetes
d.
multiple sclerosis
e.
Alzheimer disease
 

28. 
The simplest nerve pathway is
a.
located in the midbrain.
b.
the reflex arc.
c.
found in the lower part of the brain.
d.
found in the autonomic nervous system.
e.
in the flow of information from a sense receptor to the brain.
 

29. 
The stretch reflex is
a.
an adaptation that enables humans to stand upright.
b.
activated by stretch-sensitive receptors inside the muscle spindles.
c.
a simple, stereotyped, and repeatable motor action.
d.
elicited by a sensory stimulus.
e.
all of these
 

30. 
In the knee-jerk reflex arc, the synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron occurs where?
a.
in the brain
b.
between the receptor and the spinal cord
c.
within the muscle of the leg
d.
within the spinal cord
e.
in the nerve leading to the spinal cord
 

31. 
A reflex pathway is the simplest reaction unit because it
a.
involves only one synapse.
b.
is evaluated and integrated by the medulla, not the cerebrum.
c.
involves only two or three neurons.
d.
does not involve the central nervous system in any way.
 

32. 
In terms of evolution, which of the following is considered to be the oldest?
a.
cephalization
b.
information storage
c.
eyes
d.
reflexes
e.
reasoning
 

33. 
Hydra, a cnidarian relative of sea anemones, has
a.
radial symmetry.
b.
a "nerve net."
c.
tentacles.
d.
a single opening to the digestive tract.
e.
all of these
 

34. 
Which of the following is incorrect concerning a nerve net?
a.
found in animals with radial symmetry
b.
used in reflex actions
c.
shows evolution of cephalization
d.
operates cells with contractile properties
e.
utilizes sensory cells
 

35. 
A planula is
a.
a polyp with tentacles.
b.
a portion of the nerve net of a cnidarian.
c.
radially symmetrical.
d.
a free-swimming larva.
e.
a sessile polyp stage in the life cycle of a cnidarian.
 

36. 
Cephalization refers to a
a.
type of symmetry.
b.
type of segmentation characteristic of lower forms of life.
c.
group of protective cells found in the tentacles of a polyp.
d.
transitional state in the life cycle of a jellyfish.
e.
none of these
 

37. 
Which of the following would NOT be defined as a part of the central nervous system?
a.
brain
b.
cerebellum
c.
medulla
d.
spinal nerves
e.
neuroglia cells
 

38. 
Which of the following statements concerning the peripheral nervous system is false?
a.
Spinal nerves lead to and from the spinal cord.
b.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
c.
Cranial nerves lead from the brain directly to the spinal cord.
d.
Some nerves carry only sensory information.
e.
Some nerves are both sensory and motor.
 

39. 
Which of the following statements is true?
a.
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems send nerves to all organs.
b.
The sympathetic nervous system that supplies an organ will also provide parasympathetic nerves to it.
c.
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic have either excitatory or inhibitory effects.
d.
The sympathetic branch of the sympathetic system usually speeds up the activities of the body.
e.
The parasympathetic system usually speeds up the activities of the body.
 

40. 
The parasympathetic nervous system includes the
a.
cranial and thoracic nerves.
b.
thoracic and lumbar nerves.
c.
lumbar and sacral nerves.
d.
cervical and lumbar nerves.
e.
cranial and sacral nerves.
 

41. 
Interneurons are found in the
a.
dorsal root.
b.
spinal cord.
c.
sensory neurons.
d.
motor neurons.
e.
autonomic nervous system.
 

42. 
Areas of the spinal cord appear glistening white because of
a.
naked dendrites.
b.
cell bodies.
c.
neuroglia cells.
d.
lack of meninges.
e.
myelin sheaths.
 

43. 
The part of the brain that connects one brain center with another is the
a.
cerebrum.
b.
pons.
c.
cerebellum.
d.
fissure of Rolando.
e.
hypothalamus.
 

44. 
The midbrain includes the
a.
thalamus.
b.
pineal gland.
c.
tectum.
d.
medulla oblongata.
e.
olfactory lobes.
 

45. 
The pituitary gland is controlled by the
a.
pineal gland.
b.
medulla oblongata.
c.
hypothalamus.
d.
thalamus.
e.
cerebrum.
 

46. 
Destruction of the motor areas in the left cerebral cortex results in the loss of
a.
sensation on the right side of the body.
b.
sensation on the left side of the body.
c.
voluntary movement on the left side of the body.
d.
voluntary movement on the right side of the body.
 

47. 
Which part of the mammalian brain is disproportionately larger than the corresponding part of a fish brain?
a.
medulla oblongata
b.
thalamus
c.
pons
d.
cerebellum
e.
cerebrum
 

48. 
The major relay center of the brain is the
a.
cerebrum.
b.
olfactory area.
c.
cerebellum.
d.
thalamus.
e.
hypothalamus.
 

49. 
The occipital lobe of the brain is responsible for
a.
coordination of hands and fingers.
b.
speech.
c.
memory.
d.
sense of taste and smell.
e.
vision.
 

50. 
Emotional states are the responsibility of the
a.
medulla.
b.
corpus callosum.
c.
limbic system.
d.
cerebral cortex.
e.
cerebellum.
 

51. 
If the motor cortex on the right side of the brain is destroyed by a stroke, what would be impaired?
a.
movement on both sides of the body
b.
reception of sensory information from the left side of the body
c.
movement by the right side of the body
d.
movement by the left side of the body
e.
all of these
 

52. 
Studies of memory indicate that
a.
short-term memory is the product of chemical changes in neurons.
b.
long-term memory is limited to a few years' duration.
c.
long-term memories are lost more frequently in amnesia.
d.
long-term memory depends on structural or chemical changes in the brain.
e.
short-term memory is limited to several hundred bits of information.
 

53. 
The sleep center of the brain is the
a.
pons.
b.
thalamus.
c.
hypothalamus.
d.
reticular formation.
e.
medulla.
 

54. 
High levels of which chemical in the sleep centers of the brain induce drowsiness and sleep?
a.
norepinephrine
b.
serotonin
c.
adrenalin
d.
enkephalin
e.
cyclic AMP
 

55. 
States of consciousness are controlled by the
a.
reticular formation.
b.
medulla.
c.
cerebellum.
d.
cerebral cortex.
e.
hypothalamus.
 

56. 
Active chemicals found in chocolate, tea, coffee, and soft drinks are examples of which of the following?
a.
depressant
b.
stimulant
c.
narcotic analgesic
d.
hallucinogen or psychedelic
e.
antipsychotic
 

57. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
Synapses are direct contacts between nerves.
b.
Both sensory and motor neurons use action potentials to transmit information.
c.
Only the central nervous system is able to interpret the meaning of a stimulus.
d.
Sensory neurons carry impulses toward the central nervous system.
e.
Motor neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system.
 

58. 
A chemical substance that behaves as a natural analgesic is
a.
an amphetamine.
b.
LSD.
c.
epinephrine.
d.
endorphin.
e.
none of these
 

59. 
Substances that alter sensory perception, cause disorientation, and inhibit the ability to perform complex tasks are
a.
depressants.
b.
stimulants.
c.
narcotic analgesics.
d.
hallucinogens or psychedelics.
e.
antipsychotics.
 

60. 
Barbiturates are
a.
depressants.
b.
stimulants.
c.
narcotic analgesics.
d.
hallucinogens or psychedelics.
e.
antipsychotics.
 

Short Answer
 
 
Cell Types

Answer the following questions in reference to the four cell types listed below:

a.      sensory neurons
b.      interneurons
c.      motor neurons
d.      Schwann cells
 

61. 
Refer to Cell Types. Nerve cells that carry signals to muscle cells are these.
 

62. 
Refer to Cell Types. These are a type of neuroglia cell.
 
 
Autonomic Nervous System

Answer the following questions in reference to the autonomic nervous system associated with the five regions of the human vertebral column listed below:

a.      cervical
b.      thoracic
c.      lumbar
d.      sacral
e.      coccygeal
 

63. 
Refer to Autonomic Nervous System. Sympathetic nerves from this region innervate the bladder, uterus, and genitals.
 

64. 
Refer to Autonomic Nervous System. Parasympathetic nerves from this region innervate the rectum.
 

65. 
Refer to Autonomic Nervous System. Sympathetic nerves from this region innervate the heart.
 
 
Vertebrate Brain

Answer the following questions in reference to the five regions of the vertebrate brain listed below:

a.      cerebrum
b.      hypothalamus
c.      pons
d.      cerebellum
e.      medulla oblongata
 

66. 
Refer to Vertebrate Brain. This region of the brain controls neural-endocrine activities such as temperature control.
 

67. 
Refer to Vertebrate Brain. This region of the brain controls carbohydrate metabolism.
 



 
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