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AP CH24-25


Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

1. 
The major groups of fungi are assigned names on the basis of
a.
feeding structures.
b.
mode of nutrition.
c.
ecological role.
d.
reproductive structures.
e.
when they appear in the fossil record.
 

2. 
In the ecological community, fungi are
a.
producers if the sun is shining.
b.
consumers of materials digested by their hosts.
c.
decomposers of organic matter.
d.
consumers of materials digested by their hosts and decomposers of organic matter.
e.
producers if the sun is shining, consumers of materials digested by their hosts, and decomposers of organic matter.
 

3. 
In fungi, food materials are digested
a.
within food vacuoles.
b.
outside the body.
c.
intracellularly.
d.
by the mitochondria.
e.
by the host organism.
 

4. 
Which fungi rely on extracellular digestion and absorption of energy-rich substances from living organisms?
a.
slime molds
b.
saprobic fungi
c.
parasitic fungi
d.
plasmodial fungi
e.
autotrophic fungi
 

5. 
The principal difference between a saprophytic and parasitic mode of nutrition is
a.
the quality of the nutrients.
b.
not noticeable in fungi.
c.
the same as intracellular versus extracellular digestion.
d.
determined by whether the food source is living or nonliving.
e.
seen only in animals.
 

6. 
All but which of the following statements concerning fungal body plans are true?
a.
A mesh of hyphae is composed of mycelia.
b.
Branching filaments are called hyphae.
c.
Cytoplasm can flow from one cell to another.
d.
Cell walls contain chitin.
e.
Some filaments become modified into reproductive structures.
 

7. 
The chief advantage of the growth habit of the mycelium is
a.
a large surface-to-volume ratio.
b.
the ability to penetrate organic material.
c.
that it allows for more rapid growth than any other approach.
d.
that it enables the organism to spread through the soil.
e.
that it allows growth in many directions at the same time.
 

8. 
The walls of fungi contain
a.
cellulose.
b.
lignin.
c.
chitin.
d.
pectin.
e.
protein.
 

9. 
Members of the Basidiomycota include all but which of the following?
a.
shelf fungi
b.
mushrooms
c.
downy mildew of grapes and late blight of potatoes
d.
puffballs
e.
toadstools and poisonous mushrooms
 

10. 
Spores can be produced by all but which of the following?
a.
sporangia
b.
mitosis
c.
gametangia
d.
meiosis
 

11. 
In what way do fungi reproduce?
a.
asexually, through spores
b.
budding of the parent body
c.
sexually, through gametes
d.
asexually, through spores and budding of the parent body
e.
asexually, through spores; budding of the parent body; and sexually, through gametes
 

12. 
The major difference between a mature zygospore and a spore produced in the zygomycete sporangium is that the mature zygospore
a.
produces gametes.
b.
is metabolically active.
c.
is diploid.
d.
is produced asexually.
 

13. 
Zygospores are produced by
a.
plants only.
b.
fungi only.
c.
algae only.
d.
plants and fungi.
e.
none of these
 

14. 
Rhizoids are
a.
vegetative hyphae.
b.
rootlike absorbing filaments.
c.
fruiting bodies.
d.
sexually reproductive organs.
e.
fragments of a mycelium.
 

15. 
The sac fungi are members of the
a.
Ascomycota.
b.
Basidiomycota.
c.
Imperfect fungi.
d.
Oomycota.
e.
Zygomycota.
 

16. 
Yeasts are members of which of the following?
a.
Ascomycota
b.
Basidiomycota
c.
Imperfect fungi
d.
Oomycota
e.
Zygomycota
 

17. 
Baking bread and making wine are dependent on organisms that can be identified as
a.
yeasts.
b.
sac fungi.
c.
ascomycota.
d.
yeasts and sac fungi.
e.
yeasts, sac fungi, and ascomycota.
 

18. 
Edible fungi belong mainly to
a.
Ascomycota.
b.
Basidiomycota.
c.
imperfect fungi.
d.
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, only.
e.
Basidiomycota and imperfect fungi, only.
 

19. 
Which of the following are NOT members of the Ascomycota?
a.
yeast
b.
smuts and rusts
c.
truffles and morels
d.
Neurospora
e.
ergot of rye, Dutch elm disease, and chestnut blight
 

20. 
Aspergillus and Penicillium are related because both
a.
produce antibiotics.
b.
reproduce using ascospores.
c.
are club fungi.
d.
parasitize human mucous membranes.
e.
lack known sexual stages.
 

21. 
Imperfect fungi are those that lack (or do not show)
a.
spores.
b.
sexual reproduction.
c.
cross walls within hyphae.
d.
rhizoids.
 

22. 
The structure that people typically refer to as a "mushroom" is in reality the
a.
basidiocarp.
b.
mycelium.
c.
ascocarp.
d.
hyphal mass.
e.
zygospore.
 

23. 
In lichens, the more "independent" member is the
a.
alga.
b.
fungus.
c.
mycorrhiza.
d.
imperfect fungus.
e.
water mold.
 

24. 
Which of the following is NOT one of the species found in lichens?
a.
sac fungi
b.
green algae
c.
club fungi
d.
cyanobacteria
e.
imperfect fungi
 

25. 
Mycorrhizae are
a.
roots.
b.
bacteria.
c.
fungus roots.
d.
isolated plants.
e.
small animals found in agricultural soils.
 

26. 
The evolution of plants
a.
started in aquatic environments.
b.
was marked by the development of specialized tissues such as vascular tissue.
c.
led to the development of specialized organs.
d.
demonstrated a trend toward radiating into drier environments.
e.
all of these
 

27. 
Which of the following is true of xylem?
a.
conducts water downward in the plant
b.
transports food upward in the plant
c.
transports water and minerals
d.
transfers materials from stem to leaf
 

28. 
Which of the following is NOT a trend evident in plant evolution?
a.
increasing independence from water
b.
development of vascular tissue
c.
increasing dominance of the gametophyte generation
d.
evolution from homospory (one type of spore) to heterospory (two types of spores)
e.
development of the importance of the diploid phase of the life cycle
 

29. 
By __________ years ago, plants had invaded land successfully.
a.
2.0 billion
b.
7.0 billion
c.
750 million
d.
450 million
e.
260 million
 

30. 
In the life cycle of vascular plants, meiosis occurs
a.
immediately before fertilization.
b.
during the production of gametes.
c.
as a way of reducing the number of chromosomes in a zygote.
d.
in the process of spore formation.
e.
in the gametangia.
 

31. 
All but which of the following are characteristic of the major trends in terrestrial autotroph evolution?
a.
development of vascular tissue
b.
adaptation to environmental stress
c.
heterospory
d.
fertilization by biotic vectors
e.
reduction of the sporophyte phase
 

32. 
In complex land plants, the diploid stage is resistant to adverse environmental conditions, such as dwindling water supplies and cold weather. The diploid stage progresses through which sequence?
a.
gametophyte--->male and female gametes
b.
spores--->sporophyte
c.
zygote--->sporophyte
d.
zygote--->gametophyte
 

33. 
A gametophyte is
a.
a gamete-producing plant.
b.
haploid.
c.
the plant produced by the fusion of gametes.
d.
the dominant generation in the higher plants.
e.
both a gamete-producing plant and haploid.
 

34. 
Which of the following is true concerning the male gametophyte?
a.
The male gametophyte develops from the pollen grain.
b.
The pollen grain is the male gametophyte.
c.
The pollen grain develops from the male gametophyte.
d.
The male gametophyte is the pollen tube.
 

35. 
The heterosporous condition led to evolution of
a.
gymnosperms and angiosperms.
b.
pollen grains and seeds.
c.
male and female plant parts.
d.
pollen grains and seeds in male and female plant parts.
e.
gymnosperms and angiosperms which bear pollen grains and seeds in male and female plant parts.
 

36. 
Mosses are
a.
algae.
b.
bryophytes.
c.
vascular plants.
d.
gymnosperms.
e.
extinct.
 

37. 
All but which of the following are bryophytes?
a.
hornworts
b.
liverworts
c.
lycophytes
d.
mosses
 

38. 
What is the name given to the "leaves" of a fern?
a.
rhizome
b.
rhizoid
c.
frond
d.
sorus
e.
bronchus
 

39. 
A sorus is
a.
a collection of rust-colored disease spots on a fern.
b.
the fern gametophyte.
c.
an egg-producing structure.
d.
where the sperm are produced.
e.
a collection of spore chambers.
 

40. 
Which of the following are seed plants?
a.
cycads
b.
ginkgoes
c.
conifers
d.
angiosperms
e.
all of these
 

41. 
Which of the following plants are widely planted in cities because of their resistance to insect predators, air pollution, and disease?
a.
lycopods
b.
ginkgoes
c.
Dutch elms
d.
conifers
e.
grasses
 

42. 
Gymnosperms
a.
were the first plants not to have swimming sperm and were therefore freed from the need for water to reproduce.
b.
are divided into two groups, the monocots and dicots.
c.
were the first plants to develop vascular tissues.
d.
were the first plants to develop flowers to attract insects.
 

43. 
What are major sources of pulp, lumber, and numerous industrial products?
a.
cycads
b.
ginkgoes
c.
conifers
d.
hardwoods
e.
all of these
 

44. 
In pine trees, the immature male gametophyte is
a.
a megaspore.
b.
the embryonic pine seed.
c.
a pollen tube.
d.
a pollen grain.
e.
all of these
 

45. 
Which of the following statements about pine cones is correct?
a.
Cones are exclusively female structures.
b.
Cones are the result of pollination.
c.
One type of cone produces microspores.
d.
Seeds are enclosed in cones.
e.
One type of cone produces microspores; and Seeds are enclosed in cones.
 

46. 
The first group with flowers was the
a.
algae.
b.
fern allies.
c.
ferns.
d.
angiosperms.
e.
gymnosperms.
 

47. 
Angiosperms
a.
are the most successful of all plants.
b.
are the most diverse of all plants.
c.
are represented by a number of heterotrophic plants.
d.
have embryos that are provided with food by an endosperm, a unique structure found only within the angiosperms.
e.
all of these
 

48. 
Dependence on animal vectors for fertilization and dispersal is characteristic of many species of
a.
ferns.
b.
angiosperms.
c.
mosses.
d.
conifers.
 

49. 
The majority of vascular plants possess or are characterized by
a.
leaves.
b.
nonindependent gametophytes.
c.
seeds.
d.
leaves and nonindependent gametophytes.
e.
leaves, nonindependent gametophytes, and seeds.
 

50. 
The vast majority of plant species are
a.
algae.
b.
bryophytes.
c.
gymnosperms.
d.
angiosperms.
 

Short Answer
 
 
Groups of Fungi

Answer the following questions in reference to the five groups of fungi listed below:
a.      Zygomycetes
b.      Sac fungi
c.      Club fungi
d.      Imperfect fungi
 

51. 
Refer to Groups of Fungi. The yeast used in the fermentation of grape juice to produce the wines of the world is a member of this group.
 

52. 
Refer to Groups of Fungi. The common black bread mold is a member of this group.
 
 
Vascular Plants

Answer the following questions in reference to the five divisions of vascular plants listed below:

a.      lycophytes
b.      sphenophytes
c.      pterophytes
d.      conifers
e.      angiosperms
 

53. 
Refer to Vascular Plants. The tree ferns that are common in today's tropical forests are members of this division.
 

54. 
Refer to Vascular Plants. The giant ground pines of the Carboniferous Period often reached heights of 50-100 feet. These were members of this division.
 

55. 
Refer to Vascular Plants. This seed is enclosed in an ovary, which, when ripened, may form a fruit.
 



 
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