Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Macroevolution refers to changes in all but which one of the
following? a. | phyla | b. | classes | c. | species | d. | genera | e. | divisions | | |
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2.
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Which
of the following organisms would you expect to find preserved as a fossil? a. | a
jellyfish | b. | a shelled arthropod such as a
trilobite | c. | an earthworm | d. | a
nematode | e. | a protistan such as an amoeba. | | |
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3.
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Which
of the following statements is true? a. | Many fossils have not been discovered, whereas others may have
been destroyed. | b. | Some types of organisms are more likely to be preserved than
others. | c. | Some environments are more conducive to
preserving. | d. | Many fossils have not been discovered, whereas others may have
been destroyed; and Some types of organisms are more likely to be preserved than
others. | e. | Many fossils have not been discovered, whereas others may have
been destroyed; Some types of organisms are more likely to be preserved than others; and Some
environments are more conducive to preserving. | | |
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4.
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Phylogenetic relationships, when determined solely by the study of comparative
morphology, may be incorrect due to a. | morphological divergence. | b. | morphological
convergence. | c. | adaptive radiation. | d. | extinction. | e. | homology | | |
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5.
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The
fact that many vertebrate embryos are more similar to one another than their respective adult stages
are to one another may ultimately be due to a. | environment. | b. | hormones. | c. | microevolution. | d. | genes. | e. | speciation. | | |
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6.
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The
variation in the forms of adult vertebrates probably arose through mutations in __________
genes. a. | dominant | b. | regulatory | c. | oncogenic | d. | promoter | e. | operator | | |
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7.
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Neutral mutations a. | code for different proteins. | b. | allow the time
of divergence between different forms to be pinpointed. | c. | can be used to
accurately establish the relationship between widely differing animals. | d. | are responsible
for the variation in the various hemoglobin molecules found in mammals. | e. | cannot give us
any indication of the rates and degrees of evolutionary change. | | |
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8.
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The
concept of a molecular clock is based on the idea that a. | neutral
mutations occur at regular rates. | b. | genetic relatedness can be determined by timing
antibody-antigen reactions. | c. | radioactive isotopes decay at a constant
rate. | d. | speciation is a rapid event. | e. | cytochrome
c is very similar in primates. | | |
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9.
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Comparisons of protein similarity between species can reveal the degree of genetic
kinship because a. | the number of
protein variations is limited. | b. | specific amino acids are dictated by known nucleotide
sequences. | c. | gel electrophoresis converts proteins to
nucleotides. | d. | protein can be hybridized with DNA. | e. | DNA is made by
directions stored in proteins. | | |
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10.
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DNA-DNA hybridization studies a. | depend upon determining the exact sequence of nucleotides in a
gene. | b. | can be done using a simple tissue homogenizer and
computer-assisted analysis. | c. | involve generating new nucleotide sequences by using
ultracentrifugation. | d. | measure the amount of heat necessary to separate two single
strands of DNA that have been allowed to fuse together. | e. | give little clue
as to how genes mutate. | | |
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11.
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The
most conclusive evidence used in establishing the relationship of closely related species
is a. | fossil
remains. | b. | taxonomy. | c. | DNA-DNA
hybridization. | d. | homologous structures. | e. | analogous
structures. | | |
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12.
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The
organizing units of classification schemes are a. | binominal systems. | b. | higher
taxa. | c. | taxonomies. | d. | systematics. | e. | links of the Chain of Being. | | |
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13.
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According to Linnaeus, a. | every different kind of organism has its own species
name. | b. | species are fixed, unchanging
entities. | c. | organisms are locked into a specific rank in the Chain of
Being. | d. | rigid categories should be used in the classification of
organisms. | e. | all of these | | |
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14.
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When
the binomial system of nomenclature was first developed, different organisms were compared
to a. | pieces in a
jigsaw puzzle. | b. | parts of bridges connecting different
phyla. | c. | rungs in the ladder of life. | d. | links in the
Chain of Being. | e. | none of these | | |
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15.
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Linnaeus may have used all but which of the following to assign names and categories
to organisms? a. | anatomy | b. | behavior | c. | nucelic acid
hybridization | d. | physiology | e. | ecology | | |
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16.
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Scientific names of organisms are written in a. | French. | b. | English. | c. | Latin. | d. | German. | e. | Swedish. | | |
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17.
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Which
of the following is NOT correct? a. | The specific name can be used alone. | b. | The generic name
can be used alone. | c. | The specific name must be preceded by a generic
name. | d. | A family includes related genera. | e. | The kingdom is
the most inclusive category. | | |
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18.
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Which
of the following includes all the others? a. | family | b. | phylum | c. | species | d. | class | e. | order | | |
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19.
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Which
of the following is the least inclusive category? a. | family | b. | order | c. | species | d. | kingdom | e. | genus | | |
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20.
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The
only taxonomic category in which microevolution can occur is the a. | genus. | b. | species. | c. | kingdom. | d. | family. | e. | class. | | |
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21.
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Phylogeny refers to what aspects of individuals? a. | morphological
traits | b. | evolutionary relationships | c. | physiological
characteristics | d. | behavioral features | e. | all of
these | | |
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22.
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Technically speaking, a cladogram conveys a. | portrayals of
relative relationships. | b. | lines of descendants. | c. | a tree of
ancestors. | d. | a classification scheme. | e. | all of
these | | |
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23.
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Which
kingdom is exclusively heterotrophic including many predators and parasites? a. | Monera. | b. | Protista. | c. | Animalia. | d. | Fungi. | e. | Plantae. | | |
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24.
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The
creation of a new kingdom for the archaebacteria resulted from studies of a. | phylogeny. | b. | DNA. | c. | nutritional modes. | d. | habitat. | e. | mutations. | | |
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25.
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The
idea that geologic processes have formed the Earth's surface by repeating the same actions over and
over is known as a. | theory of
catastrophism. | b. | plate tectonics. | c. | continental
drift. | d. | theory of uniformity. | e. | theory of
relativity. | | |
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26.
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The
solar system is approximately how many years old? a. | 10-12 billion | b. | 4.6-5
billion | c. | 750 million | d. | 400
million | e. | 200 million | | |
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27.
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The
early atmosphere of the earth a. | originated when gases from beneath the slowly solidifying crust
were vented by vulcanism. | b. | did not exist before 1 billion years
ago. | c. | probably
consisted of hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, but no water
vapor. | d. | all of these | | |
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28.
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Experiments like those first performed by Stanley Miller in 1953 demonstrated
that a. | DNA forms
readily and reproduces itself. | b. | many of the lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides
required for life can form under abiotic conditions. | c. | complete,
functioning prokaryotic cells are formed after approximately three months. | d. | a lipid-protein
film will eventually be formed by thermal convection. | e. | all of
these | | |
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29.
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Which
of the following was NOT included in Miller's reaction chamber, which contained substances intended
to duplicate the atmosphere of ancient earth? a. | carbon dioxide | b. | methane | c. | ammonia | d. | water
vapor | e. | methane and ammonia | | |
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30.
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Who
demonstrated the possibility of producing organic compounds from gases and water if the mixture is
bombarded with a continuous spark discharge? a. | Miller | b. | Starr | c. | Thompsen | d. | Pauling | e. | Platt | | |
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31.
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In
several experiments in which energy is supplied to a sealed chamber containing a mixture of gases
simulating the primitive earth's atmosphere, what will be formed? a. | amino
acids | b. | sugars | c. | nucleotides | d. | lipids | e. | all of
these | | |
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32.
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The
Miller experiment designed to study the early synthesis of organic compounds did NOT include which of
the following molecules? a. | methane | b. | ammonia | c. | water | d. | oxygen | | |
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33.
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Clay
compounds were thought to be original sites for the formation of a. | amino
acids. | b. | sugars. | c. | polysaccharides. | d. | protein chains. | e. | lipid
molecules. | | |
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34.
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The
first templates for protein synthesis were a. | complex carbohydrates. | b. | mineral
crystals. | c. | layers of clay. | d. | sheets of
layered minerals such as mica. | e. | multiple oil liposomes or micelles. | | |
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35.
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Contemporary hypotheses concerned with the origin of life focus on what two
characteristics of living systems? a. | energy conversion and development of a
nucleus | b. | self-replication and utilization of
oxygen | c. | plasma membranes and self-replication | d. | growth and
transcription | | |
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36.
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During the Archean era, divergence of the prokaryotes led to all but which of the
following? a. | archaebacteria | b. | eukaryotes | c. | multicelled
organisms | d. | eubacteria | e. | additional
prokaryotes | | |
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37.
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The
presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere a. | was a result of the accumulation of the by-products of
photosynthesis. | b. | prevented the further spontaneous generation of
life. | c. | provided the opportunity to extract more energy through aerobic
respiration. | d. | did not occur immediately after the earth was
formed. | e. | all of these | | |
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38.
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Which
of the following is the strongest evidence for the hypothesis that present-day eukaryotic aerobes are
the descendants of the successful symbiotic association of anaerobes and
mitochondria? a. | Mitochondria can
produce ATP. | b. | A mitochondrion can survive indefinitely when removed from a
eukaryotic cell. | c. | A mitochondrion has its own set of DNA
molecules. | d. | Fossilized mitochondria are older than the oldest fossilized
eukaryotes. | | |
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39.
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Lynn
Margulis and other biologists believe that a. | the mitochondrial DNA code was a parallel but more ancient code
than nuclear DNA. | b. | mitochondria were at one time separate, free-living organisms
similar to bacteria, rather than organelles. | c. | mitochondria
were obligate symbionts, with both the mitochondrion and the cell it inhabited benefiting from the
relationship. | d. | all of these | e. | none of
these | | |
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40.
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Which
Paleozoic geologic period is the most ancient? a. | Carboniferous | b. | Permian | c. | Cambrian | d. | Devonian | e. | Ordovician | | |
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41.
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What
was the most abundant and conspicuous animal during the Cambrian? a. | primates | b. | trilobites | c. | fish | d. | cephalopods | e. | sea
scorpions | | |
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42.
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The
origin of reptiles occurred during which period? a. | Carboniferous | b. | Devonian | c. | Silurian | d. | Ordovician | e. | Cambrian | | |
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43.
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During which geologic era did Pangea break up? a. | Archean | b. | Paleozoic | c. | Cenozoic | d. | Proterozoic | e. | Mesozoic | | |
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44.
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The
last mass extinction of dinosaurs on Earth occurred between which two geologic
periods? a. | Devonian and
Carboniferous | b. | Silurian and Devonian | c. | Triassic and
Permian | d. | Cretaceous and Tertiary | | |
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45.
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The
dinosaurs disappeared at the end of which period? a. | Cretaceous | b. | Permian | c. | Triassic | d. | Jurassic | e. | Tertiary | | |
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46.
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The
disappearance of dinosaurs is correlated with the transition between which two
periods? a. | Devonian,
Carboniferous | b. | Silurian, Devonian | c. | Carboniferous,
Permian | d. | Cretaceous, Tertiary | | |
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47.
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Which
epoch is the most recent? a. | Eocene | b. | Pleistocene | c. | Paleocene | d. | Miocene | e. | Pliocene | | |
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48.
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Which
geologic era is the most recent? a. | Cenozoic | b. | Mesozoic | c. | Proterozoic | d. | Archean | e. | Paleozoic | | |
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49.
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The
geologic time scale is subdivided on the basis of a. | the appearance of different radioactive isotopes in different
strata. | b. | levels of background extinction. | c. | periods of mass
extinction. | d. | the appearance of different radioactive isotopes in different
strata and levels of background extinction. | | |
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50.
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Which
geologic era is the most ancient? a. | Cenozoic | b. | Mesozoic | c. | Proterozoic | d. | Archean | e. | Paleozoic | | |
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Short Answer
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Taxonomic Categories
Answer the following questions in reference to the five taxonomic
categories listed below:
a.
genus
b. species
c. order
d. family
e. phylum
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51.
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Refer
to Taxonomic Categories. This category is included in each of the other categories.
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52.
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Refer
to Taxonomic Categories. This category is a subdivision of the class taxon.
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Geologic Periods
Answer the following questions in reference to the five geologic
periods listed below:
a. Cambrian
b. Ordovician
c. Silurian
d. Devonian
e. Carboniferous
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53.
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Refer
to Geologic Periods. Vertebrates, represented by the jawless fishes, first arose during this
period.
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54.
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Refer
to Geologic Periods. The ancestors of modern conifers first arose during this period.
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Five Geologic Periods
Answer the following questions in reference to the five geologic
periods listed below:
a. Permian
b. Triassic
c. Jurassic
d. Cretaceous
e. Tertiary
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55.
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Refer
to Five Geologic Periods. The mass extinction of the dinosaurs occurred at the end of this
period.
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56.
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Refer
to Five Geologic Periods. Flowering plants began their radiation during this period.
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57.
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Refer
to Five Geologic Periods. This geologic period falls at the beginning of the Mesozoic
Era.
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